Layer 2

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform whose core value lies in pioneering "Turing-complete" smart contract functionality, enabling developers to build diverse decentralized applications (dApps) upon its global settlement layer. As the native asset of the ecosystem, ETH serves not only as the Gas fuel for paying network computational resources but also as the primary collateral for maintaining the security of the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized runtime environment responsible for processing all computational logic and state transitions for smart contracts. As a Turing-complete virtual computer, the EVM interprets bytecode and executes it synchronously across tens of thousands of global nodes, ensuring the determinism and censorship resistance of "Code is Law."

EIP-1559 represents the most significant improvement to the economic mechanism in Ethereum's history, restructuring transaction fees from a singular "first-price auction" into a dual-track model consisting of a Base Fee and a Priority Fee. The core logic of this proposal lies in automatically adjusting the Base Fee based on the elasticity of demand for block space and permanently burning it from the total supply.

The core logic of Layer 2 (L2) lies in decoupling the execution layer from the settlement layer to achieve an exponential leap in throughput. As the dominant technical paradigm of L2, Rollups bundle hundreds or thousands of transactions off-chain, submitting only compressed summary data or fraud/validity proofs to the Ethereum mainnet. This "off-chain execution, on-chain settlement" mechanism allows L2s to inherit the mainnet's financial-grade security while reducing transaction costs to mere cents, effectively breaking the blockchain "trilemma" of decentralization, security, and high performance.

Ouroboros is the world’s first Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol based on peer-reviewed research and backed by formal security proofs. It structures time into periodic "Epochs" and "Slots," where randomly selected "Slot Leaders" are responsible for block production.

ADA is the native token of the Cardano blockchain.

Optimism open-sourced the OP Stack under the MIT license, winning the battle for L2 standards, but failed to retain Base due to the lack of a value-capture mechanism. As interoperability remains delayed and revenue becomes highly dependent on a single member, the structural imbalance within the alliance is fully exposed. Winning a standard does not necessarily build a moat—distribution and user relationships are the true barriers in the L2 era.

This article analyzes the fundamental differences between Solana (SOL) and Ethereum across architecture design, consensus mechanisms, scaling paths, and node structure, building a clear and reusable framework for comparing public blockchains.

This article provides a comprehensive introduction to Conduit, covering its team background, funding, operating mechanism, product features, ecosystem cases, and competitor analysis, helping you quickly understand the core advantages and market positioning of this Rollup-as-a-Service platform.

zkLink is a decentralized platform focusing on cross-chain and multi-chain interoperability for decentralized applications and DeFi solutions. It uses zero-knowledge proofs for security and scalability.

What is Zircuit? What are the features of Zircuit? What about its tokenomics? How is the ZRC token distributed? Who is behind the Zircuit team? What are the features and architecture of Zircuit? What is a hybrid ZK Rollup?

In the past year alone, Total Value Locked (TVL) on Bitcoin Layer 2 solutions has surged sevenfold. From zero to $1.25 billion in just three years. So how did Bitcoin, a chain lacking DeFi or smart contracts, spark this wave of growth? Why did it take so long? And is Bitcoin now ready to do it all?

When looking at the billions on Bitcoin L2s however we do not see a scarcity, rather an overabundance. In this article we will dive into the specifics–unpacking where the liquidity resides, what protocols have captured much of it and how much it is being used and why so much of it remains dormant.

Equilibrium Research has released its annual prediction report, outlining potential events and industry trends expected by the end of next year. The report covers areas such as Scaling, ZK Proving, Privacy, Consensus & P2P Networking, and User Experience.

Lumoz is one of the leading projects in the emerging "RaaS" (Rollup as a Service) sector. It not only enhances the large-scale deployment of zkEVM application chains but also empowers developers to create multiple chains with a single click. By advancing ZK-Rollup development and providing computational support, Lumoz is driving the evolution of blockchain technology.